Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41012643›Full record

ArticleViruses2025

Biomarker-Based Risk Assessment Strategy for Long COVID: Leveraging Spike Protein and Proinflammatory Mediators to Inform Broader Postinfection Sequelae.

Ying-Fei Yang, Min-Pei Ling, Szu-Chieh Chen, Yi-Jun Lin, Shu-Han You, Tien-Hsuan Lu, Chi-Yun Chen, Wei-Min Wang, Si-Yu Chen, I-Hsuan Lai and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Ying-Fei YangDepartment of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0003-0304-1628
Min-Pei LingDepartment of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0002-4127-2753
Szu-Chieh ChenDepartment of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0002-3998-0355
Yi-Jun LinInstitute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chia Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
Shu-Han YouInstitute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0003-4440-3138
Tien-Hsuan LuDepartment of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung 403514, Taiwan.
Chi-Yun ChenDepartment of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5536-857X
Wei-Min WangDepartment of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
Si-Yu ChenDepartment of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.ORCID 0009-0000-5695-8283
I-Hsuan LaiDepartment of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
Huai-An HsiaoDepartment of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan.
Chung-Min LiaoDepartment of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0002-8360-7996

Funding

National Science and Technology Council NSTC 113-2313-B-002-032
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a significant public health challenge with wide-ranging clinical and socioeconomic implications. Developing an effective risk assessment strategy is essential for the early identification and management of individuals susceptible to prolonged symptoms. This study uses a quantitative approach to characterize the dose-response relationships between spike protein concentrations and effects, including Long COVID symptom numbers and the release of proinflammatory mediators. A mathematical model is also developed to describe the time-dependent change in spike protein concentrations post diagnosis in twelve Long COVID patients with a cluster analysis. Based on the spike protein concentration-Long COVID symptom numbers relationship, we estimated a maximum symptom number (~20) that can be used to reflect a persistent predictor. We found that among the crucial biomarkers associated with Long COVID proinflammatory mediator, CXCL8 has the lowest 50% effective dose (0.01 μg mL

Indexed as

BiomarkersCOVID-19Inflammation MediatorsSpike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusAdultAgedCytokinesFemaleHumansInterleukin-6Interleukin-8MaleMiddle AgedModels, TheoreticalPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeRisk AssessmentBiomarkersCytokinesInflammation MediatorsInterleukin-6Interleukin-8Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaLong COVIDpersistent SARS-CoV-2proinflammatory mediatorsrisk assessmentspike proteinsymptom number

Identifiers

PMID41012643
PMCPMC12474022

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.