ArticleToxics2025
Associations Between Prenatal Phthalate Exposure and Atopic Symptoms in Childhood: Effect Modification by Child Sex.
Article in Toxics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Human Brain: Mechanistic Plausibility, Translational Challenges, and Links to Neurological Disease Trends.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Subgroup analyses and effect modification with Bayesian kernel machine regression.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Perinatal exposure to the environmental pollutant butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) induces sex-specific alterations in the neuro-immune-endocrine network in adult rats.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe global rise in atopic diseases, like atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis, may be linked to prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals like phthalates, with potential sex-specific effects.
methodsWe analyzed 558 mother-child pairs from the PROGRESS birth cohort in Mexico City. Maternal urinary phthalate metabolites were measured during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis symptoms were assessed at ages 4-6 and 6-8 years using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood survey. Weighted Quantile Sum Regression (WQS) was used to assess sex-specific mixture associations. Individual sex-specific phthalate associations were examined using modified Poisson models with inclusion of product terms and stratification. Models were adjusted for maternal age, education, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and prenatal tobacco exposure.
resultsWe found that child sex modified associations between the 2nd trimester phthalate mixture and current atopic dermatitis symptoms at both 4-6 years (WQS*sex OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.00-1.60) and 6-8 years (WQS*sex OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.01-2.10). Among males, higher phthalate concentrations were positively associated with symptoms at both ages (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.32; OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.46), while associations were negative in females (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.04; OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62, 1.02). No sex-specific associations were found for 3rd trimester exposures. Individual metabolite analyses also showed effect modification by sex for 2nd trimester exposures.
conclusionsPrenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with atopic dermatitis symptoms in childhood in a sex-specific manner.
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