ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025
H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b: Evolution, Global Spread, and Host Range Expansion.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Production-Type-Specific Spatial and Space-Time Clustering of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Layer and Duck Farms in the Republic of Korea, 2020-2026.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- H5N1 influenza binding and cell entry via human class II MHC, and blocking by cross-reactive antibodies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Research Progress on Avian Influenza Virus and Autophagy: A Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pathological evidence of neurotropism and oculotropism in wild black-headed gulls naturally infected with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Epidemiological and Genomic Characterization of H5 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in Jining City, 2024-2025.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Zoonoethics and Inclusive One Health Governance for H5N1 Panzootic: From Animal Culling to Co-responsibility.Public health ethics · 2026Article
- Predicting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreak risk using extreme weather and bird migration data in machine learning models.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Limitations of an Improved Vaccine Derived from an Updated Vaccine Strain Against H5 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Novel Reassortant H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses from Backyard Poultry in Mexico.Viruses · 2026Article
- The Road to Readiness: Commentary on the Journey of a Zoonotic H5 Influenza Vaccine Strain Update.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Avian Influenza Viruses: Global Panzootic, Host Range Expansion and Emerging One-Health Threats.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Biosecurity deficiencies in HPAI-affected poultry farms in Korea, 2020/2021-2024/2025 seasons.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Early detection and genetic characterization of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and H5N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses at the onset of fall migration in wild birds during october 2025 in South Korea.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- From neuraminidase inhibitors to novel mechanisms: expanding therapeutic strategies against influenza.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5 subtype pose a continuous threat to animal and public health due to their zoonotic potential, rapid evolution, and ability to spread across continents. Since the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (GsGD) H5 lineage in 1996, several clades have caused devastating outbreaks in poultry and wild bird populations, occasionally resulting in human infections. Of the many clades that have evolved, only three-clades 2.2, 2.3.2.1, and most recently 2.3.4.4b-have demonstrated the ability to spread globally. The 2.3.4.4b clade has raised significant concern due to its continuous geographic expansion, establishment in new ecosystems, including Antarctica, and increasing reports of mammalian infections, including companion animals, marine mammals, and livestock. Recently, cow-to-cow and cow-to-human transmission marked a paradigm shift in the epidemiology of avian influenza and emphasized the need for continued surveillance. This review summarizes the historical emergence, global spread, and molecular evolution of H5 HPAIVs with a specific focus on the recent expansion of clade 2.3.4.4b and its capacity for mammalian spillover.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.