Pathogen Safety Issues Around the "Blood Scandals" 1995-2024-A Perspective Built on Experience.

This paper addresses issues around the viral safety of plasma derivatives, which have led to a spate of public inquiries over the past thirty years. These inquiries have ensued following the infection of recipients of plasma derivatives and have focused on identifying which, if any, parties were responsible for these events. The most recent of these inquiries-the Infected Blood Inquiry in the United Kingdom-ran between 2018 and 2022, and has reached conclusions regarding the allocation of responsibility, some of which are discussed in this review. The published reports of the inquiries, supplemented by evidence sourced from the peer-reviewed literature, the policies of government agencies, and public reactions to these processes, form the basis of this review. In addition, the perspective of the author, who has a background in plasma fractionation science as well as being a recipient of plasma products during the period covered by these various inquiries, is offered as a way of augmenting the issues covered. The benefits arising from these, occasionally controversial, inquiries are described, including the heightened commitment to blood safety by policymakers, the embedment of precautionism as a safety principle, and the need for transparency and informed consent in patient management.