ArticleNutrients2025
Prenatal Vitamin D, Multivitamin, and Folic Acid Supplementation and Brain Structure in Children with ADHD and ASD Traits: The Generation R Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The impact of maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis and symptoms in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Nutritional Influences on the Brain in ADHD: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies.Neurology international · 2026Review
- Awareness and Use of Folic Acid Among Pregnant Women in Western Ukraine: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Vitamin D supplement use in Egypt and Jordan and associated factors: A survey-based study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Vitamin D neuroimmune synaptic plasticity and precision intervention in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Maternal and neonatal vitamin D metabolite profiling and its long-term impact on childhood growth: findings from the KLOTHO birth cohort.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The KLOTHO Birth Cohort: Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Status and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 10 Years.Nutrients · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesMaternal vitamin supplementation (including folic acid, vitamin D, and multivitamin supplements) during pregnancy may lower the likelihood of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. This study examines the associations between maternal vitamin suppletion during pregnancy and morphological patterns in offsprings' brain structure and traits of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a large population-based study of child development.
methodsThe study cohort included a total of 3937 children (aged 9-11) participating in the Generation R cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Maternal vitamin D and folateserum levels, multivitamin supplement use, and overall dietary quality (as assessed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ) during pregnancy were used as predictors. T1 structural MRI scans were acquired and segmented using Freesurfer to assess brain morphometry. Cortical and subcortical brain volumes of children were separated into four independent components and used as mediators. ADHD and ASD traits, as measured by parent-completed questionnaires (Child Behavior CheckList and Social Responsiveness Scale, respectively) were used as outcome variables.
resultsResults show that (1) maternal vitamin D, multivitamin supplementation, and better diet quality were associated with fewer ADHD or ASD traits in the offspring; (2) vitamin D and diet quality were associated with larger-volume childhood brain components; (3) larger-volume brain components were associated with fewer ADHD and ASD traits; (4) part of the association between dietary factors in pregnancy and offspring ADHD and ASD traits was mediated through the brain volumes of the children.
conclusionsThough all observed effect sizes were small, further population-based research should be performed to further delineate the effects of gestational multivitamin and vitamin D exposure and investigate whether this may be an avenue for preventive interventions.
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