ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Efficient Recovery of Valeric Acid Using Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study explores the application of phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for the efficient separation of valeric acid (VA) through reactive liquid-liquid extraction. Two hydrophobic quaternary phosphine ILs, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium decanoate (C103) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (C104), were evaluated in combination with heptane as a diluent. Extraction efficiency was experimentally determined at different levels of extraction process factors in terms of aqueous phase pH (3-6), IL concentration (0-120 g/L), and process temperature (25-60 °C). For each IL, extraction efficiency was predicted using a response surface regression model, and the process factors were optimized based on the desirability function approach. Both ILs effectively extracted VA, with optimal mean values of extraction efficiency of 98.61% for C103 and 99.24% for C104 under optimal conditions (pH of 3.8 and 4, respectively, IL concentration of 60 g/L, and temperature of 25 °C). Mechanistic analysis revealed that VA extraction occurs through the formation of IL-acid complexes, involving hydrogen bonding between the non-dissociated acid and the IL anion. Depending on the extractant concentration, 1:1 and 2:1 acid-to-IL stoichiometric ratios were observed. These findings highlight the potential of phosphonium-based ILs, particularly in a heptane-diluted system, as high-performance extractants for carboxylic acid separation.
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