SynthesisInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immunohistochemical Assessment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Effect of a Single Bout of Exercise to Volitional Exhaustion Under Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia on the Kinetics of Cardiac Biomarkers in Trained and Untrained Men.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Integrating Network Toxicology, Machine Learning, and Molecular Dynamics to Explore the Molecular Network of Triclosan-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Post-Mortem Biomarkers in Sudden Cardiac Death: From Classical Biochemistry to Molecular Autopsy and Multi-Omics Forensic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In forensic medicine, spotting signs of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) right after it happens is still a tough call, especially in sudden-death cases. Standard histology often misses changes in those critical first hours because the tissue damage is too subtle to see. To tackle this, we reviewed research (1990-2023) from PubMed and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines. We focused on studies that used immunohistochemistry to identify markers of early AMI in both human autopsies and animal models, specifically in the first six hours post-event. Our selection process narrowed 418 records to 37 key papers. We screened 49 markers in total, but only a handful stood out for reliable diagnosis: C5b-9, cardiac troponins, dystrophin, and H-FABP-all showing high specificity. Markers like S100A1 and IL-15 also showed promise, whereas JunB and connexin-43 appeared less dependable. We believe immunohistochemistry can add real value in early AMI identification, especially when using combinations of markers chosen for complementary strengths. Still, to make this approach practical in forensic settings, we need more studies on human samples and agreement on standardized lab protocols.
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Registered trials
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