ReviewBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Muscle Dysmorphia, Obsessive-Compulsive Traits, and Anabolic Steroid Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Psychopathological Concomitants and Motivations Related to Misuse of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Paracetamol.Human psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Non-medical use of exogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic substances in young men: health, psychological, and fertility consequences.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Investigation of endocrine and cerebral response and nutrition and physical performance parameters according to bigorexia nervosa levels: a cross-sectional study in sports sciences faculty students.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body image disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with muscularity and compulsive behaviors such as excessive exercise, rigid dieting, and frequent body checking. MD has been linked to obsessive-compulsive traits and the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), yet these associations have not been comprehensively synthesized. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the relationships between MD, obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, and AASs or performance-enhancing drug use. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and PROSPERO preregistration (CRD42025640206), we searched four major databases for peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025. Ten studies (five quantitative, five qualitative) met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analytic findings revealed a moderate positive correlation between MD symptom severity and obsessive-compulsive traits (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.