Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41006431›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Secure federated learning with metaheuristic optimized dimensionality reduction and multi-head attention for DDoS attack mitigation.

Adwan A Alanazi, Ashrf Althbiti, Sara Abdelwahab Ghorashi, Fathea M O Birkea, Roosvel Soto-Diaz, José Escorcia-Gutierrez

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Adwan A AlanaziDepartment of Computer Science and Information, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
Ashrf AlthbitiDepartment of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Sara Abdelwahab GhorashiDepartment of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fathea M O BirkeaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, 73213, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
Roosvel Soto-DiazBiomedical Engineering Program, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080020, Barranquilla, Colombia. roosvel.soto@unisimon.edu.co.
José Escorcia-GutierrezDepartment of Computational Science and Electronics, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, 080020, Barranquilla, Colombia. jescorci56@cuc.edu.co.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With the fast development of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, it is urgently needed to understand the real-time cybersecurity risks posed to them actively. In the ever-growing field of IoT environments, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) threats pose an essential challenge, cooperating with the reliability of these methods. These attacks are usually utilized in real-time to write down e-commerce platforms, government websites, and banking systems. To deal with the DDoS attacks, there's an increased interest in decentralized learning methods, especially federated learning (FL), a newly acquired enhanced examination from the cyberattack cooperatively trained deep learning (DL) methods with dispersed cyber threats summaries. The recommendation of FL resolves the data privacy problem successfully. FL intends to form a global approach by allowing multi-participants with local information to train a similar method in a distributed way, with outcomes without replacing sample data. This paper presents a Metaheuristic-Driven Dimensionality Reduction for Robust Attack Defense Using Deep Learning Models (MDRRAD-DLM) in real-world IoT applications. The aim is to propose effective detection and mitigation strategies for DDoS attacks. The data preprocessing phase initially applies Z-score normalization to transform the input data into a standardized format. Furthermore, the parrot optimization (PO) technique is employed for the feature selection process to select the significant and relevant features from input data. Moreover, the temporal convolutional network and bi-directional gated recurrent unit with multi-head attention (TCN-MHA-Bi-GRU) technique is implemented for the attack classification process. Finally, the elk herd optimizer (EHO) technique fine-tunes the parameter selection of the TCN-MHA-Bi-GRU technique. The efficiency of the MDRRAD-DLM approach is examined under NSLKDD and CIC-IDS2017 datasets. The experimental validation of the MDRRAD-DLM approach portrayed a superior accuracy value of 99.14% and 99.41% over the dual datasets.

Indexed as

Data pre-processingDDoS defenseDeep learningDimensionality reductionElk herd optimizerIoTReal-world application

Identifiers

PMID41006431
PMCPMC12475425

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.