ArticleBMJ open2025
High magnitude of lung function impairment among heroin users attending medication-assisted therapy clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveHeroin users have a high burden of respiratory morbidity, including premature lung function impairment. Further, methadone treatment has been found to aggravate lung function impairment and can independently cause asthma. However, the lung function status among heroin users on medication-assisted therapy (MAT) in Tanzania is yet to be studied. This study aimed to assess the magnitude, pattern and factors associated with lung function impairment among heroin users on MAT.
designThis was a quantitative, analytical cross-sectional study.
settingThis study was conducted at MAT Clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
participantsIndividuals aged 18 years or above with heroin use disorder on stable dose of methadone without heroin withdrawal symptoms (Maintenance Phase of Treatment) were recruited.
methodsParticipants were enrolled through systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and lung functions were measured using a spirometer. Lung function impairment was defined as the percentage of participants with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) <70%. Risk factors associated with lung function impairment were assessed via univariate binary logistic regression.
resultsWe enrolled 302 participants into the study (mean age of 42.78±7.56 years). Lung function impairment was observed in 28.5% of participants, with an average age of 44±8 years. Restrictive lung disease was the most common pattern of lung function impairment affecting 13.2% of the participants. The predictors of lung function impairment were being underweight (OR) 4.73, 95% CI) 2.61-8.59, p<0.001), living with HIV infection (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.20 to 5.66, p=0.016) and having a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.48 to 4.17, p=0.001).
conclusionHeroin users on MAT have a high magnitude of lung function impairment. Routine lung function testing is recommended.
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