ArticleNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Design of Electrostatic Nanocomplex of Semaglutide with Protamine and Zinc for Subcutaneous Prolonged Delivery.
Article in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a poorly water-soluble electrostatic nanocomplex of semaglutide (SMG) with protamine sulfate (PS) and zinc ions (Zn) for prolonged subcutaneous delivery. Complexation of SMG with the cationic peptide PS increased the lipophilicity (logP) proportionally from -4.7 to 0.3, particularly in the presence of Zn. The optimized nanocomplex exhibited spherical morphology, an amorphous state, a particle size of 196.0 nm, and a zeta potential of -45.7 mV. In an in vitro dissolution test under sink conditions, native SMG showed rapid drug release with 98% dissolution within 24 h. In contrast, the nanocomplexes showed markedly delayed release, with a concentration-dependent relationship between PS/Zn contents and SMG release rate, exhibiting 19% drug release over 7 days in the optimized formula. These findings suggest that the proposed nanocomplex is a promising system for long-acting injectable delivery of SMG, potentially enhancing patient compliance in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.