ArticleBMJ public health2025
Health programme spillover effects on childhood vaccination in India: a difference-in-differences analysis of the Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts Programme using retrospective demographic health surveys data.
Article in BMJ public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Childhood immunisation coverage has stagnated globally and even declined in some countries during recent decades. We aimed to evaluate whether a public health programme targeted at diarrhoeal disease also impacted, as a spillover effect from the programme, immunisation coverage. Methods: Retrospective data from the 2015/2016 Indian Demographic Health Survey were obtained on 142 921 children, born to mothers in the 5 years leading up to the survey. A difference-in-differences study was performed to compare the completed child vaccination rates before and after the Clinton Health Access Initiative Zinc (CHAI)/Oral Rehydration Salts Programme in 2012, and between covered (Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) and non-covered states. Results: The CHAI programme was associated with an increase in basic child vaccination coverage (one dose of BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) and measles, and three doses of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) and polio vaccines) of 5.27 percentage points (95% CI 3.48 to 7.05). This increase was concentrated among male children, and no differences were found by wealth quintiles, maternal education or sanitation. Different intensities of the CHAI initiative across districts in Uttar Pradesh were not associated with different vaccination coverage rates. Conclusions: Existing studies rarely evaluate spillover effects or unintended consequences of public health campaigns. We find that a public health programme to reduce diarrhoeal diseases
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.