The Lot Assessment of Neighborhood Disorder Virtual Audit Tool: A Valid and Reliable Five-Item Physical Neighborhood Disorder Measure.

Neighborhood physical disorder is linked to deleterious resident physical and mental health. It is thus critical to develop low-cost, reliable methods that utilize publicly available imagery (e.g., Google Street View; GSV) to comprehensively audit neighborhoods. We aimed to create a reliable, efficient, and scale-flexible virtual audit of neighborhood disorder (Lot Assessment of Neighborhood Disorder; LAND) that can be aggregated to larger geographical units. A total of 710 block faces on 355 street segments were coded in Detroit, MI. We tested reliability between coders on 20% of the sample (71 segments (i.e., two sides of the street); 146 block faces (i.e., one side of the street) and found reliability was adequate at the individual lot (Kappas ranged from .60 - 1), block face (ICCs ranged from .94 -.98), and segment (ICCs ranged from .96-.98) levels, with the sole exception of graffiti (for which ICCs were typically in the .56 to .57 range). Moreover, LAND's score was positively correlated with number of vacant lots, area deprivation, and resident perceptions of their neighborhood. Overall, LAND evidence higher levels of reliability than previous physical neighborhood disorder virtual audits and evidenced significant correlations across several known correlates of physical neighborhood disorder, thus highlighting LAND as an effective virtual audit tool in the study of physical neighborhood disorder.