Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40999813›Full record

ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2026

Methotrexate-Loaded Liposomal Formulation Enables 6-Week Sustained Intraocular Therapeutic Drug Release in a Porcine Model.

Maximilian Hammer, Lea Skrzypczyk, Sabrina Wohlfart, Bryan Calder Ackermann, Ludwig Geisweid, Simon William Pohl, Margarita Karaivanova, Jonathan Herth, Victor Aristide Augustin, Alexander Studier-Fischer and 8 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Maximilian HammerDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-5496-2537
Lea SkrzypczykDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Sabrina WohlfartDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Bryan Calder AckermannDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Ludwig GeisweidDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Simon William PohlInstitute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Margarita KaraivanovaDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Jonathan HerthInstitute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Victor Aristide AugustinDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Alexander Studier-FischerDepartment of Urology and Urological Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
Tina SackmannInstitute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Leon KaulenDepartment of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02114, USA.
Anna SteyerEMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 68167, Heidelberg, Germany.
Walter MierDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
David H SteelBioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK and Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Queen Alexandra Road, Sunderland, SR2 9HP, UK.
Kanmin XueNuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
Gerd Uwe AuffarthDavid J Apple Laboratory for Vision Research and University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
Philipp UhlInstitute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8616-5599

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Methotrexate (MTX) inhibits cell proliferation, which underlies ocular diseases, including intraocular lymphoma and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. However, MTX normally requires bi-weekly intravitreal injections due to a short half-life, causing rapid clearance below therapeutic thresholds within 72h. To overcome these limitations, sustained-release carriers, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid-based implants, were investigated in vitro previously. These systems offer prolonged drug delivery but require relatively large-gauge surgical implantation, which increases the risk of surgical complications and limits their practical use. In this study, MTX-loaded liposomes that can be administered via a 30-gauge cannula are developed, obviating the need for more invasive surgical implantation. This phospholipid-based liposomal formulation succeeded in enabling sustained methotrexate release at therapeutic levels for over six weeks following a single intravitreal injection, demonstrated in vivo in a large animal pig model. High biocompatibility of this novel liposomal formulation is confirmed through longitudinal retinal structure (optical coherence tomography) and function (electroretinography) assessments. This liposomal formulation of MTX provides a clinically and surgically optimized drug delivery system that allows improved management of intraocular lymphoma and proliferative vitreoretinopathy in the future.

Indexed as

LiposomesMethotrexateAnimalsDelayed-Action PreparationsDrug LiberationIntravitreal InjectionsRetinaSwineDelayed-Action PreparationsLiposomesMethotrexateintravitreal injectionliposomesmethotrexatenanocarriersustained drug release

Identifiers

PMID40999813
PMCPMC12790324

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.