ArticleVeterinary research2025
Introduction of West Nile virus lineage 2 leads to neuroinvasive cases in humans and horses in Sicily, 2022-2023.
Article in Veterinary research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Introduction of a European Central-South-Eastern West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Strain in Italy in 2023: Evidence from the First Locally Acquired Neuroinvasive Case in the Calabria Region.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Retrospective Analysis and Cross-Validated Forecasting of West Nile Virus Transmission in Italy: Insights from Climate and Surveillance Data.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In Italy, West Nile virus (WNV) has been consistently causing disease in humans, horses, and birds since 2008; it was initially confined to the northeast of the country and then spread gradually to the western and southern regions. WNV lineage 1 (WNV-L1) virus was the only lineage that circulated in Italy until 2011, but it was progressively replaced by WNV lineage 2 (WNV-L2). WNV disease in humans was not observed in Sicily, southern Italy, until 2016, when the first case of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) due to WNV-L1 was reported. Our results demonstrate the introduction of WNV-L2 in Sicily via the detection of four equine and five human cases of WNND reported in western Sicily in September 2022. Local WNV circulation was confirmed by virological and serological investigations in horses, birds, and dogs. WNV-L2 was demonstrated to be the strain responsible for both human and equine neuroinvasive cases and continued to circulate in western Sicily in 2023, where it was detected in insects and in a neuroinvasive human case in August.
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