ArticleBMC immunology2025
Correlation of TNF-α and IL-6 expression with vitamin D levels in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: exploring the role of vitamin D in inflammation and disease pathogenesis.
Article in BMC immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Shared IL-12/IL-35 p35 Subunit Is Associated With Heightened Atherogenic Risk in African Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Inhibition of Diabetes-Related Enzymes by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between patients with multiple chemical sensitivity and healthy controls: A case-control study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vitamin D and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A Dual-Network Injectable Hydrogel Scaffold Integrating Glycyrrhizic Acid and Acellular Fat Extracts for Synergistic Enhancement of Diabetic Wound Healing.ACS polymers Au · 2026Article
- The Immunological Role of Vitamin D in Primary Immunodeficiencies: A Narrative Review of the Current Literature.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- A nomogram incorporating nutritional risk for predicting 31-day unplanned readmission in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus using LASSO regression.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Role of insulin resistance in atherosclerosis: underlying mechanisms and emerging stem cell-based therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
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Abstract
backgroundChronic low-grade inflammation is often seen in individuals with insulin resistance, characterised by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and IL-6 (interleukin-6). Insulin resistance (IR) and vitamin D deficiency are increasingly recognised as interconnected metabolic issues. Research indicated that low vitamin D levels may impair insulin sensitivity, while insulin resistance can worsen vitamin D deficiency, creating a vicious cycle. This study aims to explore the relationship between TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels and vitamin D levels in insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and compare them with non-diabetic controls to better understand the role of vitamin D in inflammation, disease development, and progression.
methodsFrom a total of 150 participants, 30 were healthy individuals (the control group), and 120 were patients with type II diabetes. The current case-control study compared TNF-α, IL-6 expression levels, and serum vitamin D levels between insulin-resistant patients and non-diabetic controls.
resultsThe demographic and clinical variables were statistically significant. The case-to-control ratio was 4:1. Higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were found in DM patients compared to non-diabetic controls. Insulin-resistant patients exhibited higher IL-6 levels (5.47 ± 0.30 pg/ml) than healthy participants (2.64 ± 0.83 pg/ml), with p-value < 0.001. Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in DM patients (22.33 ± 11.43 ng/ml) compared to healthy subjects (34.12 ± 2.08 ng/ml), with p-value < 0.001. TNF-α levels were also significantly higher in DM patients (7.99 ± 0.35 pg/ml) (p-value < 0.001) than in the healthy group (4.24 ± 0.27 pg/ml). Using qPCR and measuring disease severity, the relationship between cytokine gene expression and insulin resistance was assessed. The positive associations between TNF-α, IL-6, vitamin D deficiency, poor glycaemic control, and other disease conditions reflect a fundamental pathophysiological mechanism in insulin resistance in DM patients. This ultimately leads to increased inflammation and tissue damage, worsening the complications of diabetes.
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