ArticleBMC public health2025
Variation in COVID-19 vaccination and adverse outcomes: a state of Georgia case study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Incidence and Risk Factors for Non-AIDS Comorbidities After COVID-19 in People Living With HIV in Atlanta, Georgia.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
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3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDifferences in COVID-19 vaccine coverage, deaths, and hospitalizations across racial and ethnic groups have been documented in the United States. Evaluating these patterns at a smaller geographical scale while accounting for differences in vaccination uptake across racial groups provides additional insights. In this study, we quantify adult COVID-19 vaccination, death, and hospitalization outcomes across racial/ethnic groups and county urban-rural classification in the state of Georgia.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included adult COVID-19 vaccination (primary series, 1st booster, and 2nd booster), COVID-19-related deaths, and COVID-19-positive hospitalizations reported to the Georgia Department of Public Health through February 2023. We computed vaccination, death, and hospitalization rates for Hispanic, non-Hispanic (NH) Asian, NH Black, and NH White adults by county of residence urban-rural classification and vaccination status. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated to evaluate differences in outcomes across racial/ethnic groups.
resultsThere were 14,386,650 COVID-19 vaccine doses administered, 40,711 COVID-19-related deaths, and 138,024 hospitalizations recorded during the study period. Differences by race/ethnicity varied by outcome and county urban-rural class. NH Black adults were at higher risk of being hospitalized with COVID-19 than NH White adults (RR 1.77, 95% CI, 1.75-1.79), even when stratified by vaccination status. NH Black adults were at higher risk of dying of COVID-19 than NH White adults (RR, 1.37, 95% CI, 1.34-1.39), except among those who received a booster dose (RR, 0.96, 95% CI, 0.86-1.07).
conclusionsNH Black adults experienced higher rates of adverse COVID-19-related outcomes compared to other racial/ethnic groups, even among the vaccinated. Stratifying outcomes by race/ethnicity, county urban-rural class, and vaccination status provided a better understanding of patterns across populations and geographies for targeted interventions. Public health agencies should focus on improving up-to-date vaccination coverage and removing barriers to access to care among communities that are underserved, particularly NH Black individuals.
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