ArticleScientific data2025
FU3D: the first global projections of future urban three-dimensional (3D) expansion for the 21st century under shared socioeconomic pathways.
Article in Scientific data, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global patterns of urban heat shaped by climate and morphology.Nature communications · 2026Article
- FU3D: the first global projections of future urban three-dimensional (3D) expansion for the 21st century under shared socioeconomic pathways.Scientific data · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Global-scale and long-term projections of future urban 3D expansion are essential for understanding the environmental effects of future urbanization. Here, we develop a multi-task learning and end-to-end cellular automaton model for urban 3D projection (named MECA-3D). Within the MECA-3D model, the top-down component determines urban built-up volume demand based on panel data regression model and socioeconomic factors, while the bottom-up component estimates urban land suitability and built-up height by a multi-task residual neural network model. Using the MECA-3D model, for the first time, we present the global projections of future urban 3D expansion dataset (named FU3D) from 2020 to 2100 at a 1 km resolution under the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our projections show that by 2100, global urban built-up volume will increase to about 184%-409% under the five SSPs, with the largest 3D expansion (exceeding 4000 km
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Registered trials
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