Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40997206›Full record

ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2026

Neural basis of cooperative behavior in biological and artificial intelligence systems.

Mengping Jiang, Linfan Gu, Mingyi Ma, Qin Li, Jonathan C Kao, Weizhe Hong

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Mengping Jiang *Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8875-7563
Linfan Gu *Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-3686-5828
Mingyi MaDepartment of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-0482-3105
Qin LiDepartment of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-9085-6280
Jonathan C KaoDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9298-0143
Weizhe HongDepartment of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1523-8575

Funding

Neural Circuit Mechanisms of Allogrooming BehaviorR01MH130941 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Weizhe Hong · 2022 to 2026
$3.4M
Neural circuits for social modulation of a persistent negative emotional stateRF1NS132912 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI HONG, WEIZHE, ZHANG, LI I · 2023 to 2023
$3.2M
Unstable nucleus accumbens social representations in models of social behavioral dysfunction.R01MH132736 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Peyman Golshani, Weizhe Hong · 2023 to 2026
$3.1M
Functional Dissection of Neural Circuitry Underlying Parenting BehaviorR01NS113124 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI HONG, WEIZHE · 2019 to 2023
$2.6M
Next generation brain-machine interfaces controlled synergistically with artificial intelligenceDP2NS122037 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI KAO, JONATHAN CHAU-YAN · 2020 to 2020
$2.3M
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH130941NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH132736NINDS NIH HHS DP2 NS122037NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS113124NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS132912
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cooperation, the process through which individuals work together to achieve common goals, is fundamental to human and animal societies and increasingly critical in artificial intelligence (AI). In this study, we investigated cooperation in mice and AI systems, examining how they learn to actively coordinate their actions to obtain shared rewards. We identified key social behavioral strategies and decision-making processes in mice that facilitate successful cooperation. These processes are represented in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and ACC activity causally contributes to cooperative behavior. We extended our findings to AI systems by training artificial agents in a similar cooperation task. The agents developed behavioral strategies and neural representations reminiscent of those observed in the biological brain, revealing parallels between cooperative behavior in biological and artificial systems.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceCooperative BehaviorGyrus CinguliAnimalsBehavior, AnimalDecision MakingLearningMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLRewardSocial Behavior

Identifiers

PMID40997206
PMCPMC12575003

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.