Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40996111›Full record

ArticleVeterinary surgery : VS2025

Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection in ruminant species following internal fixation for orthopedic injury: 81 cases (2010-2023).

Charlotte K Barton, Joseph W Lozier, Paul T Merkatoris, Brianna Jordan, John Ortega McCormack, Grace Vanhoy, Brayden Look, Bridget Nottle

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary surgery : VS, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Charlotte K BartonDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-8888
Joseph W LozierDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Paul T MerkatorisDepartment of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Brianna JordanDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
John Ortega McCormackDepartment of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Grace VanhoyDepartment of Large Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Brayden LookDepartment of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Bridget NottleDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo determine the prevalence and risk factors of surgical site infection (SSI) following internal fixation in ruminants. STUDY

designRetrospective multicenter study across five veterinary teaching hospitals. ANIMALS: A total of 81 ruminants undergoing internal fixation for orthopedic disease.

methodsMedical records over a 13-year period were analyzed for ruminants presenting with orthopedic disease that was surgically managed with internal fixation. Patient signalment, limb affected and type of injury, surgical method, orthopedic implants used, total anesthetic duration, antimicrobial use, development of SSI as well as short- and long-term survival were reported.

resultsThe incidence of SSI was 17.3% (14/81). Overall, 92.6% (75/81) of cases survived to discharge; 85.7% (12/14) of cases with SSI and 94% (63/67) of cases that did not develop SSI. Increased duration of antimicrobial use (p = .004) and fractures distal to the tarsus/carpus (p = .04) were associated with an increased risk of SSI but had no effect on overall survival. The use of intramedullary pins for surgical repair was associated with a reduced likelihood of survival to discharge (p = .008).

conclusionIn conclusion, the SSI incidence in ruminants following internal fixation was comparable to the infection risk in horses and camelids. SSI had a higher incidence in fractures distal to the tarsus/carpus and in animals that were administered antibiotics for a prolonged period. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of orthopedic implants in ruminants is associated with a good outcome with 92.6% of cases surviving to discharge and a comparable incidence of surgical site infection as other large animal species.

Indexed as

Fracture Fixation, InternalFractures, BoneRuminantsSurgical Wound InfectionAnimalsCattleFemaleGoatsIncidenceMaleRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSheep

Identifiers

PMID40996111
PMCPMC12618163

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.