ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Immune microenvironment regulation and clinical immunotherapy strategies of metastatic liver cancer.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Novel therapeutic strategies for liver metastases driven by the common microenvironment].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity: a multifaceted pathogenesis from mitochondrial collapse to immune remodeling and epigenetic memory.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis-immune microenvironment crosstalk: emerging mechanisms and immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- Effect of First-Line Combination Systemic Therapy on Favorable-Risk Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Emerging nano-immunotherapeutic strategies achieve metastatic colorectal cancer precision therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Colorectal cancer liver metastases: mechanism and therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advancements in intratumoral therapies for liver tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metastatic liver cancer (MLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality due to the liver's unique immunotolerant microenvironment and high vascularization. Key mechanisms involve KC-mediated fibronectin deposition, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and MDSC-driven T-cell exhaustion. Clinically, therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as CSF1R inhibition, CCR2/CCR5 blockade, and CD40 agonism show promise in preclinical and early-phase trials, especially when combined with immunotherapy. However, challenges remain in overcoming systemic immunosuppression. This review summarizes the dual roles of hepatic immune cells including Kupffer cells (KCs), neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in either suppressing or promoting metastatic colonization. We elucidate how the liver's immunological balance, governed by innate and adaptive responses, shifts toward immunosuppression during metastasis, fostering a pro-tumor niche. This synthesis of immunological insights underscores the potential of TME-modulating therapies to improve outcomes in MLC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.