ReviewCureus2025
A Systematic Review of Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in Older Adults on Polypharmacy: Do PPIs Deplete Nutrients?
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Medication-safety burden of omeprazole in psychiatric inpatients: A retrospective cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Association of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With Nutrient Deficiencies: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed in older adults, often beyond recommended durations, raising concerns about nutrient depletion. This systematic review examined the impact of long-term PPI use (≥6 months) on micronutrient status in older adults receiving polypharmacy. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) identified five eligible studies, including 693 participants. Results showed a 12-18% reduction in serum vitamin B12 over 12 months of PPI use. Calcium and parathyroid hormone levels declined significantly in a 12-month cohort, while bone turnover markers increased despite stable bone mineral density. Findings for magnesium were inconsistent, with results ranging from no change after 12 months to pharmacokinetic alterations without systemic depletion. Overall, the evidence consistently supports an association between prolonged PPI therapy and reductions in vitamin B12 and calcium, with conflicting results for magnesium. These deficiencies may contribute to cognitive decline, bone fragility, and increased fall risk in older adults. Routine nutritional monitoring, targeted supplementation, and deprescribing where appropriate should be considered to mitigate these risks, while further large-scale trials are needed in frail geriatric populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.