Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40995111›Full record

ArticleBioactive materials2025

Core-shell engineered Col/Cs@ECM microspheres for macrophage-targeted intracellular drug release in RA therapy.

Xiyue Duan, Kepeng Hu, Jiawei Wang, Xiaozhao Wang, Xiaojun Long, Weiming Lin, Chengwei Wu, Wenjian Weng, Zhangfa Song, Kui Cheng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bioactive materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Xiyue DuanSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Silicon, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Kepeng HuDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
Jiawei WangDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
Xiaozhao WangLiangzhu Laboratory, Dr. Li DakSum& Yip Yio Chin Center ForStem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Xiaojun LongDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
Weiming LinSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Silicon, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Chengwei WuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Silicon, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Wenjian WengSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Silicon, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Zhangfa SongDepartment of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
Kui ChengSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Silicon, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The imbalance of macrophage polarization between M1 and M2 phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results in a persistent inflammatory cascade. Activating M2 anti-inflammatory polarization, which remove excess extracellular matrix (ECM) via phagocytosis, represents a potential therapeutic target for RA. This study introduces Col/Cs@ECM microspheres, a novel drug delivery system designed for macrophage recognition via a tailored ECM surface, enhancing phagocytic efficiency and accumulation. Moreover, the Col/Cs@ECM microspheres are composed of biocompatible and fully degradable materials, ensuring their safety profile within the physiological environment. Following cell phagocytosis, the collagen/chitosan (Col/Cs) core release the drug (Dexamethasone, Dex) intracellularly to inhibit M1 polarization by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and to facilitate M2 polarization. This macrophage targeted and intracellular release approach offers a significant advantage over traditional medications by reducing systemic side effects and improving the therapeutic index. The strategy prompts macrophages to express anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 while suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, thereby remodeling the immune microenvironment. Additionally, the specially engineered ECM shell of the microspheres extends the anti-inflammatory response by prolonging macrophage lifespan, a feature that is not present in conventional treatments. This results in improved treatment outcomes in an in vivo RA animal model. This research presents a possible intracellular anti-inflammatory treatment approach for rheumatoid arthritis injection therapy with the potential to outperform existing treatments in terms of efficacy and safety.

Indexed as

Drug deliveryExtracellular matrixIntracellular immune therapyMacrophage polarization remodelMicrosphere

Identifiers

PMID40995111
PMCPMC12454285

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.