ArticleMetabolism open2025
A nonlinear, causal link between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prolactin in type 2 diabetes: Evidence from clinical and Mendelian randomization analyses.
Article in Metabolism open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly prevalent and often accompanied by vitamin D insufficiency. Prolactin, once considered solely lactogenic, has emerged as a metabolic regulator, yet its relationship with vitamin D in T2DM remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 221 male T2DM patients aged 25-75 years recruited between January 2022 and December 2024. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and prolactin were measured, defining vitamin D sufficiency as ≥ 20 ng/mL. Associations were evaluated using group comparisons, Spearman correlation and multivariable regression adjusting for confounders. Restricted cubic splines assessed nonlinearity and thresholds. Causality was examined via Mendelian randomization employing 227 25(OH)D-associated variants. Results: Vitamin D deficiency affected 59.7 % of participants. Median prolactin levels were higher in vitamin D-sufficient than in deficient patients. Serum 25(OH)D correlated positively with prolactin and remained significant after adjustment. Spline analysis suggested a nonlinear relationship with an inflection of 18.48 ng/mL: below this threshold prolactin decreased as 25(OH)D increased, whereas above it prolactin rose steeply. Mendelian randomization provided evidence for a causal association: the inverse variance weighted estimate was non-significant, but MR-Egger and weighted median analyses indicated a significant link without pleiotropy or heterogeneity. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate a nonlinear, threshold-dependent association between vitamin D status and prolactin in male T2DM. Levels of 25(OH)D at 18.48 ng/mL were associated with suppressed prolactin, while sufficient concentrations enhanced prolactin, suggesting that maintaining adequate vitamin D may modulate prolactin and benefit metabolic outcomes. Further research is warranted to validate these observations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.