ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Detection and characterization of heteroresistance to chloramphenicol in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHeteroresistance represents a significant pathway through which sensitive bacteria evolve into resistant strains, posing challenges for current clinical laboratory detection methods.
objectivesThis study aimed to investigate the differences in resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates from various sources, assess the prevalence of chloramphenicol heteroresistance (CHR), and explore the potential causes and key genes associated with CHR.
methodsK. pneumoniae was isolated from 801 samples obtained from various sources, and its susceptibility to antibacterial agents was assessed. The modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, population analysis profiling (PAP), and bactericidal curve assays were employed to identify heteroresistant bacteria. Additionally, the growth curve and stability of CHR strains were measured. To analyze the factors influencing the formation of CHR, we detected the resistance genes cmlA, cat1, and floR across 17 resistant subpopulations, along with virulence genes such as fimH, wabG, kfu, uge, and aerobactin.
resultsAmong the 198 K. pneumoniae tested, resistance rates to nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol were found to be 73.74%, 57.58%, and 51.01%, respectively. The prevalence of CHR was determined to be 8.59% (17 out of 198), which significantly diminished the in vitro bactericidal efficacy of chloramphenicol. Notably, 76.47% (13/17) of the isolates harbored the cat1 and/or floR genes, while the prevalence of the virulence genes wabG, fimH, uge, and kfu was 100%, 100%, 76.47%, and 47.06%, respectively.
conclusionThe floR and/or cat1 genes are pivotal in the mechanism underlying heteroresistance to chloramphenicol, and the presence of virulence genes could further contribute to the development of CHR.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.