ArticleScientific reports2025
Urban heat island dynamics in Rawalpindi: a 30-year remote sensing analysis and future projections.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Designing multisource blue-green cooling networks by coupling landscape pattern metrics and circuit theory.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) pose a significant environmental challenge in rapidly urbanizing regions, influencing climate resilience, energy consumption, and public health. This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of UHI dynamics in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Time-series analysis over 30 years (1990-2020) using Landsat satellite data processed through Google Earth Engine (GEE). Unlike previous studies, this research integrates a hybrid methodology. Random Forest classification for high-precision Land Use Land Cover (LULC) mapping correlates with the Statistical Mono-Window algorithm for accurate Land Surface Temperature (LST) estimation. The findings reveal a 22.2% increase in built-up areas. That impacts the past three decades, correlating with a 3.04 °C rise in LST, at an annual increment of 0.12 °C. This study applies the Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network (CA-ANN) model to project future UHI intensification in Rawalpindi. Results aim to forecast a 13.8% increase in built-up areas by 2030, which is expected to exacerbate thermal stress and energy demand. According to the results, the built-up area has grown highly erratic, mainly at the expense of vegetated land. A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.43) between LST and urban expansion underscores the urgency of adopting targeted mitigation strategies. Our research has some limitations; one of the important ones was that we could not assess multiple potential socio-economic drivers of urban growth because of a scarcity of spatial data. The results highlight the necessity for sustainable urban planning approaches, including integrating vegetation and heat-mitigating urban infrastructure to reduce thermal stress and enhance climate resilience.
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