Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40992372›Full record

ArticleCell reports2025

Mucus-derived glycans are inhibitory signals for Salmonella Typhimurium SPI-1-mediated invasion.

Kelsey M Wheeler, Michaela A Gold, Corey A Stevens, Karsten Tedin, Amanda M Wood, Deniz Uzun, Gerardo Cárcamo-Oyarce, Bradley S Turner, Marcus Fulde, Jeongmin Song and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Distinct O-Linked Glycosylation Systems in Signaling and Immune Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  4. Comparative Biofilmomics of Antimicrobial-ResistantAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026
    Review
  5. Supramolecular Carbohydrate Assemblies with Tunable Glycan Surfaces.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Kelsey M WheelerBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Michaela A GoldBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Corey A StevensBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Karsten TedinInstitute of Microbiology and Epizoonotics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Amanda M WoodDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Deniz UzunBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Gerardo Cárcamo-OyarceBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Bradley S TurnerBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Marcus FuldeInstitute of Microbiology and Epizoonotics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Jeongmin SongDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Jessica R KramerDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Katharina RibbeckBiological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: ribbeck@mit.edu.

Funding

National Glycoscience Resource- CCRC Service and Training - NGlycoR@CCRCR24GM137782 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA · PI Parastoo Azadi · 2020 to 2026
$5.2M
Synthetic mucins in epithelial models to probe virus-mucin interactionsR35GM147262 · NIGMS · UTAH STATE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM--UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI Jessica Kramer Stratton · 2022 to 2026
$2.0M
NIGMS NIH HHS R24 GM137782NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM147262
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mucus forms a critical barrier against enteric pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. While in vivo studies indicate that secreted, gel-forming mucins and specifically core 3 glycosylation are protective against S. Typhimurium, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that native intestinal mucins inhibit Salmonella invasion of colonic epithelial cells by downregulating the type 3 secretion system through suppression of the key virulence regulator, HilD. Our study identifies mucin glycans and specific mucin sugars, namely N-acetyl galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, as the components responsible for mucin's anti-virulence effect, likely via functional or direct interaction with HilD's putative carbohydrate-binding domain. Notably, we find that the native presentation of these sugars is important for activity. These insights provide a mechanistic foundation for mucin-based strategies to combat enteric infections and, given the prevalence of homologous AraC-type regulators in other pathogens, suggest mucins' potential as broad-spectrum anti-virulence agents.

Indexed as

Bacterial ProteinsMucusPolysaccharidesSalmonella typhimuriumAcetylgalactosamineEpithelial CellsHumansMucinsTranscription FactorsVirulenceAcetylgalactosamineBacterial ProteinsHilD protein, Salmonella typhimuriumMucinsPolysaccharidesSpi1 protein, SalmonellaTranscription FactorsAraC-type transcriptional regulatorCP: ImmunologyCP: MicrobiologyglycanglycopolypeptideHilDinvasionmonosaccharidemucinmucusN-acetyl-D-galactosamineN-acetyl-D-glucosamineSalmonellaSPI-1

Identifiers

PMID40992372
PMCPMC13179021

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.