ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025
Intranasal hemagglutinin protein boosters induce protective mucosal immunity against influenza A viruses in mice.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Addressing the zoonotic threat of merbecoviruses.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Aerosol Inhalation of a Recombinant H7N9 Hemagglutinin Antigen Elicits Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses in Mice.Viruses · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Influenza: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Emerging Evidence.Viruses · 2026Review
- Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Platforms: From Barrier Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Not all plasma cells are made equal: well-hidden layers of heterogeneity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunological and virological questions for H5N1 pandemic emergence.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Licensed parenteral influenza vaccines induce systemic antibody responses and alleviate disease severity but do not efficiently induce local mucosal immune responses. Here, we describe an intranasal booster strategy with unadjuvanted recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) following initial messenger RNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccination, Prime and HA. This regimen establishes highly protective HA-specific mucosal immune memory responses in the respiratory tract. Intranasal HA boosters resulted in significantly reduced viral replication compared to parenteral mRNA-LNP boosters in both young and old mice. Correlation analysis revealed that slightly increased levels of nasal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) are significantly associated with a reduced viral burden in the upper respiratory tract. Intranasal boosting with bivalent H1 HA induced mucosal immunity against vaccine-matched and mismatched heterologous influenza viruses. Additionally, a heterosubtypic intranasal H5 HA booster elicited H5-reactive mucosal humoral responses in H1-surviving mice. Our work illustrates the potential of a nasal HA protein booster as an adjuvant-free strategy to prevent infection and disease from influenza A viruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.