ReviewEndocrine2025
Clinical features and literature review in children and adolescent patients with functioning gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.
Review in Endocrine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex differences in the clinical presentation, management and long-term outcomes of pituitary tumors in children and adolescents.Pituitary · 2026Review
- Association between the WHO 2017 and 2022 classification updates and ICD-10 code accuracy in patients with PitNETs: a real-world retrospective study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo analyze the clinical characteristics of children and adolescent patients with functioning gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (FGnPTs).
methodsTwo cases of adolescents with FGnPTs were reported. Seven previously reported cases of child or adolescent FGnPTs were also included to summarize the clinical characteristics of this population through a literature review. Furthermore, we compared nine children/adolescent patients with FGnPTs with 11 premenopausal female patients with FGnPTs at our center.
resultsThe onset age of nine children/adolescent patients with FGnPTs was 11.2 ± 3.0 years. Clinical manifestations included menstrual disorders (7/7, 100.00%), multiple ovarian cysts (6/7, 85.71%), spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (sOHSS) (5/7, 71.42%), testicular enlargement (1/2, 50%), headache (2/7, 28.57%), and vision deterioration. The sex hormone profiles revealed a nonsuppressed follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (22.53 ± 15.90 IU/L) with hyperestrogenemia (2284 ± 2857pg/ml) or hypoandrogenemia (average testosterone concentration of 0.32 ng/ml). Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed macroadenomas (8/9, 88.89%). Compared with premenopausal female patients with FGnPTs, female children/adolescents with FGnPTs had lower luteinizing hormone (LH) levels [0.28 (0.07, 0.43) vs. 5.95 ± 14.17 IU/L, P = 0.044], a higher follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio (FSH/LH ratio) [67.40 (33.42, 214.29) vs. 6.10 (2.84, 24.51), P = 0.035], a greater maximum diameter of ovarian cysts (135 ± 24 vs. 88 ± 31 mm, P = 0.017), and a greater likelihood of developing hypopituitarism (3/7, 42.86% vs. 0/9, 0.00%, P = 0.043).
conclusionWhen children present with isosexual precocious puberty, their sex hormone profile should be tested. If there is hyperestrogenemia and hypoandrogenemia/hyperandrogenemia with noninhibited FSH or LH levels, further pituitary MRI should be performed. Transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection is preferred to avoid unnecessary ovarian cystectomy and improve the long-term prognosis.
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