Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40989337›Full record

ArticlePeerJ. Computer science2025

Comprehensive review of dimensionality reduction algorithms: challenges, limitations, and innovative solutions.

Aasim Ayaz Wani

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PeerJ. Computer science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Aasim Ayaz WaniSchool of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-5151-0084

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dimensionality reduction (DR) simplifies complex data from genomics, imaging, sensors, and language into interpretable forms that support visualization, clustering, and modeling. Yet widely used methods like principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, uniform manifold approximation and projection, and autoencoders are often applied as "black boxes," neglecting interpretability, fairness, stability, and privacy. This review introduces a unified classification-linear, nonlinear, hybrid, and ensemble approaches-and assesses them against eight core challenges: dimensionality selection, overfitting, instability, noise sensitivity, bias, scalability, privacy risks, and ethical compliance. We outline solutions such as intrinsic dimensionality estimation, robust neighborhood graphs, fairness-aware embeddings, scalable algorithms, and automated tuning. Drawing on case studies from bioinformatics, vision, language, and Internet of Things analytics, we offer a practical roadmap for deploying dimensionality reduction methods that are scalable, interpretable, and ethically sound-advancing responsible artificial intelligence in high-stakes applications.

Indexed as

AutoencodersDimensionality reduction (DR)High-dimensional data analyticsInterpretabilityManifold learningPrincipal component analysis (PCA)Privacy and fairness in machine learningScalabilityt-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE)Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP)

Identifiers

PMID40989337
PMCPMC12453773

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.