Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40988999›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging2025

Cognitive data harmonization across two racially diverse cohorts in the United States.

Michelle Flesaker, A Zarina Kraal, Justina F Avila-Rieger, M Maria Glymour, Jaimie L Gradus, Emily M Briceño, Jennifer J Manly, Lindsay C Kobayashi, Marcia Pescador Jimenez

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In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Michelle FlesakerCenter for Trauma and Mental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118.
A Zarina KraalDepartment of Neurology, Columbia University, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032.
Justina F Avila-RiegerGertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Institute for Research in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, Columbia University, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032.
M Maria GlymourDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118.
Jaimie L GradusCenter for Trauma and Mental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118.
Emily M BriceñoDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, 1540 E Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.
Jennifer J ManlyDepartment of Neurology, Columbia University, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032.
Lindsay C KobayashiCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.
Marcia Pescador JimenezDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118.

Funding

HRS Yrs29-34: Y33 SSA CoFundingU01AG009740 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Jessica Faul, KENNETH M LANGA · 1990 to 2026
$555.8M
VCID and Stroke in a Bi-racial National CohortU01NS041588 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI CUSHMAN, MARY, HOWARD, GEORGE · 2002 to 2022
$96.0M
Socioeconomic, Cardiovascular, and Psychosocial Sources of Cross-National Variation in Cognitive Health Among Older AdultsR01AG070953 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Alden L. Gross, Lindsay C Kobayashi · 2021 to 2026
$4.6M
Environmental Resources for Individual Cognitive Health/Resilience (EnRICH)R01AG087199 · NIA · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · PI Marcia Ixchel Pescador Jimenez · 2024 to 2026
$2.3M
Measurement of cognition and functional decline in Latinx older adults for detection of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A mixed-methods approachK23AG080035 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Emily Marie Briceno · 2023 to 2026
$767k
Neurodegenerative diseases and the role of green space: A deep learning assessmentR00AG066949 · NIA · BOSTON UNIVERSITY (CHARLES RIVER CAMPUS) · PI PESCADOR JIMENEZ, MARCIA IXCHEL · 2022 to 2024
$738k
NIA NIH HHS K23 AG080035NIA NIH HHS R00 AG066949NIA NIH HHS R01 AG070953NIA NIH HHS R01 AG087199NIA NIH HHS U01 AG009740NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS041588
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionFew cohorts have sufficient diversity to identify drivers of racial disparities in cognitive aging. Pooling data from different samples can increase sample size and diversity.

methodsWe statistically harmonized cognitive function data from two US cohorts: 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS; n=18,422) and 2009-2013 Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke waves (REGARDS; n=19,690). We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to derive harmonized scores for general and domain-specific cognitive function, leveraging common cognitive test items across studies and retaining those unique to each study. We assessed validity of the cognitive scores by regressing them on age, sex/gender, and education.

resultsThe combined sample had a mean age of 67.69 (SD=10.22) years. CFA models had good fit. Harmonized cognitive scores demonstrated good criterion validity. DISCUSSION: Pooled analyses of harmonized cognitive scores are a feasible means to increase cohort diversity for understanding drivers of racial disparities in cognitive aging.

Indexed as

Alzheimer’scognitive functiondementiaolder adultsstatistical harmonization

Identifiers

PMID40988999
PMCPMC12453055

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.