ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2025
Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Against Severe Outcomes of COVID-19 in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir for Outpatients in the Era of Omicron, Vaccination, and Previous Infection: A Meta-analysis.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Differential Impact of Substrate Peptides on Interdomain Interactions in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Main Protease.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Real-world data evaluating the effectiveness of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir across diverse age groups and vaccination statuses remain limited, particularly in East Asian populations. This study evaluates its effectiveness in reducing severe COVID-19 outcomes using a large, comprehensive nationwide healthcare database and to provide new evidence. Method: This retrospective observational cohort study involved outpatient COVID-19 patients diagnosed between 1 January 2022, and 1 December 2022, within Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients who received nirmatrelvir-ritonavir were compared with untreated patients. Primary outcomes include COVID-19-related hospitalization, ICU admission, invasive ventilatory support, death, and the composite outcome of hospital admission or death. Results: A total of 2 300 131 nonhospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 between 1 January 2022 and 1 December 2022, including 530 807 patients treated with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and 1 769 324 untreated patients. Treatment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was associated with a significantly lower risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.32 [95% CI .31-.34]), ICU admission (0.41 [.38-.45]), invasive ventilatory support (0.38 [.33-.43]), death (0.42 [.40-.45]), and the composite outcome of hospital admission or death (0.34 [.33-.35]). Effectiveness was consistent across subgroups stratified by age and vaccination status, with the greatest benefit observed in unvaccinated individuals and those aged ≥65 years with additional risk factors. Conclusions: In a large, nationally representative cohort, outpatient use of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was associated with a significantly lower risk of severe COVID-19-related outcomes, regardless of age or vaccination status. These findings reinforce the clinical value of early antiviral treatment, particularly in aging and unvaccinated populations.
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