ArticleBMJ open2025
Crowded housing, indoor environment and children's respiratory, allergic and general health in Sweden: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Exploring and defining concepts of microbiome stewardship for the indoor built environment.Sustainable microbiology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this study was to analyse associations between crowded housing and children's indoor living environment, respiratory and allergic disorders and general health.
designA cross-sectional study.
settingSweden, using data from the Swedish National Environmental Health Survey 2019.
participantsThe study sample included 48 512 children (aged 6-10 months, 4 years and 12 years). We also investigated associations in vulnerable subgroups, such as children with asthma and those living under unfavourable socioeconomic conditions. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes in the living environment were at least one sign of mould, poor indoor air quality, unpleasant odours, too warm indoors in summer and too cold indoors in winter. Primary outcomes for children's health were asthma, airway problems, breathing difficulties, rhinitis symptoms, mould and mites allergy, pollen allergy, furred pet allergy and good general health.
resultsAbout one in five children lived in an overcrowded home. Factors from the indoor living environment such as perceived poor indoor air quality and mould were significantly associated with crowded housing. Moreover, children who lived in overcrowded conditions were less likely to report good general health than children in non-crowded households (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.76). This association was even stronger in children with asthma (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.77). Few significant associations were, however, observed with the respiratory and allergic health outcomes.
conclusionsCrowded housing is associated both with a poor indoor environment and with poorer general health in children. Children with asthma may experience even poorer general health.
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