ArticleBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2026
Periconceptual Caffeine Intake and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Results From the nuMoM2b Cohort.
Article in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo determine the association of self-assessed caffeine consumption with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO).
designSecondary analysis of births in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b). Caffeine intake was assessed by the self-reported Food Frequency Questionnaire reflecting consumption in the three months prior to the first trimester visit.
settingnuMoM2b was a prospectively collected cohort. POPULATION: This is a large US-based cohort of pregnant patients.
methodsHigh caffeine intake was defined as ≥ 200 mg/day. Logistic models assessed associations between high intake and APO, adjusted for confounders. We also grouped caffeine intake in 50 mg increments and tested whether increased consumption was associated with increased odds of APO.
main outcome measuresAPO were defined as a composite of intrauterine foetal demise > 20 weeks' gestation, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth and small for gestational age infant.
resultsThe primary analysis included 7345 participants with live births or pregnancy loss > 20 weeks' gestation, for whom the median daily caffeine intake was 63.28 mg/day. 841 (11.4%) of patients had high intake and 2168 (29.5%) had an APO. When adjusted for confounders, high intake was not associated with increased odds of APO (aOR 0.99, 95% CI 0.84-1.16), nor was it associated with any individual APO. We found no significant increased odds of APO per 50 mg increase in caffeine intake.
conclusionsHigh caffeine intake assessed in the periconceptual period was not associated with the risk of APO. Further research exploring biomarkers and longitudinal childhood outcomes is needed to clarify limitations with regard to intake.
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