Long lives, poor health? A comprehensive review of the evidence among international migrants.

introductionEmpirical evidence on migrant morbidity suggests that migrant populations have a higher burden of disease compared to non-migrants in high-income destination countries. Yet, empirical evidence on migrant mortality typically shows a lower risk of death compared to non-migrants. Migrants might be living longer lives in worse health-a 'migrant "morbidity-mortality" paradox'. SOURCES OF DATA: Peer-reviewed, English-language publications. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: The paradox has been reported in different destinations, across different migrant groups, and across different health outcomes. It presents most consistently among migrants and women born in low and middle-income countries, and/or when morbidity is self-reported. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: The majority of the evidence is based upon unlinked, aggregated, cross-sectional prevalence data that has well-known limitations. Nearly all the studies to date have been descriptive, and there is a lack of understanding concerning what might explain this paradox among migrants. GROWING POINTS: That migrants are living longer subject to a higher burden of diseases is a social and public health concern that needs to be further explored and understood through more research. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: We need more evidence of the paradox based upon linked individual-level, incidence-based data that compares the morbidity and mortality risks of the same migrant and non-migrant populations using objective data on morbidity from primary care (general practitioners) or secondary care (hospitalizations). We need to know how widespread the paradox is, which migrant populations are most affected by it, and the potential mechanisms responsible for it.