ReviewJournal of cardiovascular translational research2025
Fumarate Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease: Therapeutic Potential and Pathologic Pitfalls of DMF/MMF and FH1 Deficiency.
Review in Journal of cardiovascular translational research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The role of HIF-1α in innate immune mechanisms and autoimmunity: A double-edged sword.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Dimethyl Fumarate vs. Monomethyl Fumarate: Unresolved Pharmacologic Issues.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Fumarate is increasingly recognized as a metabolic signal with dual effects in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacologic doses of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and its metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) transiently activate Nrf2 and HCAR2 pathways, offering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic benefits. These include reduced endothelial activation, macrophage foam cell formation, and vascular remodeling in atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertension, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. In contrast, sustained fumarate accumulation-due to fumarate hydratase 1 (FH1) loss-drives protein succination, cGAS-STING activation, HIF-1α stabilization, and epigenetic enzyme inhibition, promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence. FH1 insufficiency is associated with plaque destabilization, renal dysfunction, and galectin-3-driven fibrosis. Despite promising preclinical results, human data remain limited: FH1 mutation syndromes rarely present with cardiovascular phenotypes, and DMF clinical trials have not evaluated major cardiovascular endpoints. Future studies should define a therapeutic window, develop succination biomarkers, and assess long-term effects to safely harness fumarate's hormetic potential in cardiovascular medicine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.