ArticleMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Association Between Vitamin D Levels and Long COVID Signs and Symptoms.
Article in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- A three-stage family medicine approach to unmasking vitamin D deficiency in a post-COVID-19 prediabetes patient.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Vitamin D in Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review Focusing on COVID-19, Long COVID, and Influenza.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Biomarkers in Long COVID: A 12-Month Longitudinal Feasibility Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background"Long COVID" refers to a condition in which individuals continue to experience persistent signs and symptoms even after recovering from the initial COVID-19 infection. Signs and symptoms that persist can affect multiple organs in the body. Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role, particularly in the immune system, and may be linked to the development of long COVID.
objectiveThe study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and the prevalence of long COVID signs and symptoms in COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe study enrolled 170 COVID-19 patients with mild signs and symptoms and confirmed COVID-Ag or RT-PCR tests. The subjects were aged 18-59 years. All patients had 25(OH)D levels measured within 60 days of COVID-19 diagnosis and had been followed for at least 3 months post-infection. Data collected included demographic characteristics, serum 25(OH)D levels, and self-reported long COVID signs and symptoms questionnaire responses.
resultsThe study results indicated a female-to-male ratio of 1.1:1 and a mean age of 45.87 ± 8.65 years; of these, 62.4% received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, and 64.7% developed long COVID. The most prevalent signs and symptoms were respiratory (55.3%), skin (50.6%), and general (39.4%). The median blood vitamin D level was 22.96 ng/mL, with 41.2% of subjects having insufficient levels, 30.6% having deficient levels, and 28.2% having sufficient levels. Patients with long COVID had significantly lower vitamin D levels compared with those without long COVID (21.52 ng/mL vs. 25.46 ng/mL;
conclusionAssessing and maintaining vitamin D levels, vitamin D supplementation, and sunlight exposure in COVID-19 patients can reduce the risk and severity of long-term COVID-19 signs and symptoms.
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