Assessing the environmental impact and risks associated with uncontrolled disposal of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries on soil.

The growing use of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a sharp increase in battery waste, particularly from end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). A significant portion of this waste is not properly recycled but instead ends up being incinerated, landfilled, or processed through informal channels. Such practices contribute to environmental degradation by releasing potentially toxic elements into the air, soil, and water. This study presents a method for quantifying ecological risks from the leaching of these elements. The risk assessment considers different scenarios involving weather conditions, soil types, and groundwater levels, and presents outcomes through a risk matrix. A detailed cause-consequence analysis and quantitative risk evaluation are conducted. Laboratory testing on soil samples contaminated with LiB waste, compared against control samples, revealed marked degradation in the soil's index and engineering properties. The findings indicate that improper LiB disposal not only degrades soil quality but also poses serious threats to human health and surrounding ecosystems. Additionally, a scenario-based focused group discussion corroborated these risks. The research underscores the urgent need for effective LiB waste management practices and regulatory oversight to mitigate long-term environmental and health impacts.•Quantified environmental risks of EOL lithium-ion battery waste through scenario-based analysis.•Laboratory testing confirmed soil degradation due to improper LiB disposal.•Highlights the need for regulatory action and improved waste management strategies.