ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences2025
Reassessing metrics: The limitations of brain function as indicators of brain health.
Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate brain health using cognition, vision, hearing, emotional well-being, aging, and motor function as predictors, with blood neurofilament light (NfL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and phosphorylated tau (pTau) as response variables for detecting chronic brain injury. Methodology: This is a predictive cross-sectional modelling study carried out in various settings across Peshawar, Pakistan in which a total of 75 healthy adults were included from May 2022 to February 2023. Various tests were performed including visual fields, audiometry, dynamometry, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue-SF). Serum levels of NfL, pTau, and NSE were measured via ELISA and multiple linear regression models were developed. These biomarkers were selected based on a preliminary scoping review. Results: Statistically significant discrepancies were present between predicted and actual biomarker values (NfL: actual 0.026±0.011 ng/ml vs. predicted 0.001±0.000 ng/ml, p<0.001; NSE: actual 10.46±1.52 ng/ml vs. predicted 4.127±1.8 ng/ml, p<0.001; p Tau: actual 4.48±3.23 ng/ml vs. predicted 1.027±0.85 ng/ml, p<0.001), indicating poor prediction model performance. The k-fold cross-validation confirmed this, with over 2% deviation in all subsets. Conclusion: Brain health prediction models based solely on neuro-biomarkers and brain function parameters may not generalize well to healthy populations, indicating the need for additional factors influencing brain health.
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