Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40978563›Full record

ArticlePEC innovation2025

Measuring patient satisfaction with education using extended reality in orthognathic surgery: Development, validation, and reliability of the 3D orthognathic surgery questionnaire (3DOS-Q).

Sander J C Tabernée Heijtmeijer, Noa Nicolai, Nard G Janssen, Joël Kortes, Rick J J Pinkster, Behrus Puladi, Ashkan Rashad, O Vladu, Peter A J Pijpker, Max J H Witjes and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in PEC innovation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Sander J C Tabernée HeijtmeijerDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Noa NicolaiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Nard G JanssenDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Joël KortesDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Rick J J PinksterDepartment of Traumasurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Behrus PuladiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Ashkan RashadDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
O VladuDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Peter A J Pijpker3D Lab, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Max J H WitjesDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Sarina E C PichardoDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Joep KraeimaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objectives: The effectiveness of extended reality technologies in improving patient understanding and satisfaction, particularly in orthognathic surgery, remains underexplored. No existing questionnaire specifically assesses patient satisfaction with different 3D model display techniques in this context. Therefore, this research aimed at developing and validating a questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with preoperative education using 3D models for orthognathic surgery. Methods: Building on a previous questionnaire for trauma patients, an initial questionnaire was developed and adapted for orthognathic surgery patients based on literature and pretesting with patients and specialists (Phase I). The preliminary questionnaire underwent a field psychometric performance test in a randomized controlled trial at three centers specialized in orthognathic surgery (Phase II). Results: Nine patients and six specialists were included (Phase I), which resulted to a preliminary questionnaire consisting of twelve items. A total of 65 patients completed the preliminary questionnaire (Phase II). The final eleven items demonstrated strong psychometric properties, measuring a single distinct factor 4.99, Cronbach's alpha value of 0.87, for the German (α = 0.849) and Dutch (α = 0.836) versions. A Feldt test revealed no significant difference in internal consistency between the two languages ( Conclusion: The final questionnaire has a good validity, total explained variance at 45.5 %. Innovation: The 3DOS-Q demonstrates significant potential as a tool for evaluating patient satisfaction with 3D models, suitable for extended reality technologies, improving patient care, and exploring satisfaction differences across patient groups and display techniques.

Indexed as

3D modelsEducationOrthognathic surgeryQuestionnaireSatisfactionValidationVirtual surgical planning

Identifiers

PMID40978563
PMCPMC12448030

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.