Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40977994›Full record

ArticleAJPM focus2025

State Medical Cannabis Policy Implementation and Racial Disparities in Opioid Prescribing Among Medicare Beneficiaries: A Policy Impact Analysis.

Tyler J Dunn, Erin Holmes, Yi Yang, John P Bentley, Saim Kashmiri, Sujith Ramachandran

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in AJPM focus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Tyler J DunnDepartment of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi.
Erin HolmesDepartment of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi.
Yi YangDepartment of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi.
John P BentleyDepartment of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi.
Saim KashmiriDepartment of Marketing, University of Mississippi School of Business Administration, University, Mississippi.
Sujith RamachandranDepartment of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, Mississippi.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: U.S. cannabis policies have a history of racial disparities, highlighting the need for research surrounding racial inequities, particularly within the context of medicalization of cannabis and opioid prescribing. This study evaluated racial disparities in the relationship between state-level medical cannabis policy implementation and changes in opioid-prescribing patterns among Medicare beneficiaries. Methods: Utilizing Medicare claims data from 2012 to 2015, beneficiaries aged ≥65 years were categorized into 3 state categories: Medical marijuana law implementation states, existing medical marijuana law states, and nonmedical marijuana law states. A difference-in-difference analysis was used to determine whether race moderated the relationship between medical cannabis policy implementation and opioid doses filled before and after policy implementation. Results: A total of 449,336 Medicare beneficiaries were included in the study, comprising 387,713 White individuals (86.3%) and 61,623 racial minority individuals (13.7%). Nearly half of all (49.3%) beneficiaries received at least 1 opioid prescription. White individuals were significantly more likely to receive at least 1 opioid prescription than racial minorities (49.7% vs 46.8%, Conclusions: The study found no clear indication of racial disparities in the impact of medical cannabis policies on opioid prescribing. Future research should focus on access to medical cannabis and prescriber attitudes toward treating racial minority patients experiencing pain with cannabis.

Indexed as

Health equityMedical cannabis policyMedicare beneficiariesOpioid prescribingRacial disparities

Identifiers

PMID40977994
PMCPMC12447993

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.