ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Reduced spike specific T-cell responses in COVID-19 vaccinated subjects undergoing SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Helminth infection modulates the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in mice without compromising protective efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Introduction: T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 remain largely preserved across variants despite waning neutralizing antibodies. However, T-cell immunity may vary with the host's immune status, and data on T-cell responses in post-vaccine infections (PVI) are limited. Methods: We assessed Spike-specific T-cell responses in 32 vaccinated individuals, 16 of whom experienced PVI. Immune responses were evaluated at three time points: 1 month after the second vaccine dose (T1), 1 month after the booster dose (T2), and, in the PVI group, 1-3 months after the first positive nasal swab (T3). Additionally, we evaluated anti-spike antibody levels, T-cell exhaustion markers, and natural killer cell subsets, focusing on memory-like CD57 Results: Subjects who developed PVI exhibited significantly reduced Spike-specific CD4 T-cell responses following the booster dose compared to vaccinated individuals who remained uninfected. This was accompanied by increased frequencies of LAG-3 Conclusions: Individuals experiencing PVI displayed impaired booster-induced CD4
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