Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40974713›Full record

ArticleUltrasonics sonochemistry2025

Bio-inspired ultrasonic microreactor for efficient synthesis of indigo-emitting carbon dots with tunable morphology and enhanced optical properties.

Longshi Rao, Shengxin Zhu, Jiaying Liu, Qiuling Bai, Junxian Zou, Chuheng Deng, Hongze Tu, Qingxian Liu, Guisheng Zhong, Xiaodong Niu and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Longshi RaoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Automotive Display and Touch Technologies, Shantou Goworld Display Technology Co., Ltd., Shantou 515041, China. Electronic address: lsrao@stu.edu.cn.
Shengxin ZhuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Jiaying LiuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Qiuling BaiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Junxian ZouDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Chuheng DengDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Hongze TuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Qingxian LiuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Guisheng ZhongDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Shantou Key Laboratory for Intelligent Equipment and Technology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China. Electronic address: gszhong@stu.edu.cn.
Xiaodong NiuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
Jiasheng LiNational & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Display and Optical Communication Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) are promising fluorescent nanomaterials with broad applications in optoelectronics, healthcare, and artificial photosynthesis. However, synthesizing indigo-emitting CDs with optimal properties remains challenging due to the inefficiencies and complexity of conventional methods. This study introduces a high-performance ultrasonic microreactor inspired by biomimetic leaf vein structures to enhance CD synthesis efficiency. We developed a COMSOL Multiphysics-based optimization framework to improve flow field uniformity and examine transport dynamics within the microchannel. This framework identified key parameters, including leaf vein contours, fractal angles, depth-to-width ratios, and inlet configurations, that govern flow characteristics. Additionally, we optimized ultrasonic energy transfer by directly coupling the transducer with the microreactor, determining the optimal frequency (21 kHz) and power (100 W) for maximum reactor performance. Visualization experiments revealed how ultrasound regulates bubble dynamics, enhancing interfacial area and stabilizing suspension behavior. Using this optimized system, we synthesized indigo-emitting CDs with a maximum PLQY of 27.5 % and a narrow FWHM of ∼78 nm under 365 nm excitation. Multivariate experiments revealed how flow velocity, reaction temperature, and ultrasonic modulation influence the optical properties of the CDs. This work underscores the synergistic combination of ultrasonic energy, biomimetic design, and simulation-guided optimization, providing a solid foundation for scalable synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials with applications in optoelectronics, healthcare, and beyond.

Indexed as

Bionic designCarbon dotsNumerical simulationsProcess optimizationUltrasonic microreactor

Identifiers

PMID40974713
PMCPMC12482640

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.