ReviewClinical and experimental nephrology2025
The silent epidemic of CKDu: advances, challenges, and strategies for sustainable eradication-a narrative review.
Review in Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Digital and AI-Empowered Health Elements: An Integrated Pathway to Advancing Health.Health data science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) primarily affects tropical agricultural countries. Renal deposition of calcium nanocrystals and nanotubes causes it. Thus, it was renamed crystal tubular nephropathy (CKD-CTN). CKD-CTN remains a major public health crisis in Sri Lanka's dry-zone farming regions and other equatorial countries, especially Central America, with severe social and economic consequences.
methodsWe searched public databases since 2000 using keywords to identify relevant articles. The data were systematically compiled and synthesized into a narrative review, integrating recent findings to elucidate the most likely factors contributing to the onset of CKD-CTN.
resultsRecent studies ruled out previously claimed agrochemicals, heavy metals, arsenic, and other nephrotoxins, as well as heat stress as causes. In contrast, evidence points to prolonged consumption of naturally contaminated groundwater as the primary cause. For the disease to manifest, however requires behavioral factors, such as chronic sustained dehydration, routine alcohol use, poverty-related malnutrition, etc. Together, these create sustained dehydration-ideal conditions for calcium crystal precipitation in renal tissues-a slow process, which gradually grow in the presence of fluoride into stable crystals, damaging kidneys and leading to CKD-CTN.
conclusionsThe review examines the current understanding of CKD-CTN, highlighting key environmental, biological, social, and occupational constrains and factors. It calls for a national strategy-public education, health interventions, environmental monitoring, nutritional support, policy reforms, and-most critically-universal access to affordable potable water. It stresses the urgency of sustainable water management, education, and stronger rural healthcare systems to mitigate this deadly disease AND its impact. The authors offer practical guidance for future research, interventions, and policies to prevent the burden of CKD-CTN on communities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40974452What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.