ReviewImmunologic research2025
Engineering CAR-T cells for solid tumors: bispecific antigen targeting, tumor microenvironment modulation, and toxicity control.
Review in Immunologic research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cells in treatment of ovarian cancer. A meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies.Immunologic research · 2026Pooled it
- Cell-based cancer immunotherapy: milestones, mechanistic insights, and emerging therapeutic directions.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- From barrier to trigger: leveraging tumor hypoxia for precise control of CAR-T cell activity.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Special Issue "Molecular Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy".International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, yet its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited due to antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, and therapy-associated toxicities. This review highlights advances across CAR-T generations, emphasizing co-stimulatory domains and cytokine-armed TRUCKs to enhance persistence and function. Viral (lentiviral, gamma-retroviral) and non-viral (CRISPR, transposons, mRNA electroporation) delivery systems are compared for efficiency, safety, and scalability, with CRISPR enabling multiplex edits for improved specificity. Dual-targeting CARs counter antigen heterogeneity, while hypoxia-inducible and SynNotch CARs restrict activity to tumor sites. Chemokine receptor engineering enhances infiltration, and armored CARs secreting IL-12 or checkpoint inhibitors remodel the TME. Nanobody-based CAR-T cells further expand design versatility, offering improved stability, tumor penetration, and reduced immunogenicity compared with single-chain variable fragment constructs. Safety innovations include iCasp9 Suicide switches, dasatinib-controlled activation, and cytokine blockade. Clinical trials of bispecific CAR-Ts show promise, yet challenges Like manufacturing complexity and off-target effects persist. Integrating AI-driven design and Personalized neoantigen targeting may unlock CAR-T 2.0 for solid tumors, pending scalable production and regulatory harmonization.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40973858What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.