ArticleCell reports. Medicine2025
Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease study 2021.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is the location of the needling point in sham acupuncture for tension-type headache associated with outcomes? A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Risk factors associated to disability in primary headaches: a systematic review to inform future iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Long-term safety and continued clinical benefit of erenumab 70 mg in Asian patients with chronic migraine: an open-label extension of the phase 3 DRAGON study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Trial
- Driving Mechanisms and Future Trends of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache Burden in G20 Countries: A Comparative Analysis Utilizing Decomposition Analysis and Explainable Machine Learning.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
- Burden of Tension-Type Headache Among Older Adults in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 1990-2023.Health science reports · 2026Article
- dDual-target rTMS treatment for adolescent depression with headache: a case report.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Episodic migraine is associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile rather than independent insulin resistance: a case-control study.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Botulinum toxin for chronic migraine.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Post-pipeline headache after flow-diverting stenting for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: clinical, radiological findings, and proposed scoring system.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Economic value of physiotherapy interventions in headache management: a scoping review.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- The prevalence of comorbid migraine in multiple sclerosis: do multiple sclerosis and migraine really coexist?Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Article
- PVNAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The economic value of preventing projected sepsis-related deaths among adults in 79 countries, 2000-2023, with projections to 2050: a modelling study.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Article
- Sex-specific considerations in migraine therapy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Pressure Pain Threshold Cut-Off Points at Trigeminal and Extra-Trigeminal Nervous and Musculoskeletal Structures to Discriminate Patients with Migraine from Episodic Tension-Type Headache: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of Spinal Manipulation and Dry Needling on Headache and Migraine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Cumulative adverse childhood experiences increase migraine risk in later life in China: evidence from CHARLS with mediation and Mendelian randomization.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Premonitory phase in primary headaches: shared and divergent mechanisms in migraine and cluster headache, the Junior Editorial Board Members' vision.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Cross-Tissue Neuroimmune-Vascular Genetic Architecture of Migraine Using Integrated Multi-Omics, Single-Cell, and Spatial Transcriptomics: Prioritizing T-Cell Regulatory Networks and Peripheral Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent modulation of CGRPergic neurovascular activity by 5-CT in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
278 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30-44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.