ArticlePloS one2025
Sustainable heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils using plant-derived urease-driven biomineralization.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Emerging strategies for heavy metal removal in soils: plant-microbe interactions and omics perspectives.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Soil contamination by heavy metals presents substantial ecological and geotechnical risks, thereby demanding sustainable remediation strategies. Conventional approaches, including chemical stabilization and microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), are limited by high costs, ecological disturbances, and sensitivity to environmental stressors. A plant-derived urease-driven enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) system was evaluated for immobilizing cadmium (Cd2⁺), lead (Pb2⁺), and zinc (Zn2⁺) in contaminated soils. Systematic screening revealed that jack bean and watermelon seed ureases are optimal catalysts for heavy metal sequestration, achieving efficiencies of 87.3% for Cd2 ⁺ , 91.5% for Pb2 ⁺ , and 76.4% for Zn2 ⁺ . These high efficiencies are attributed to their catalytic specificity and the retained enzymatic activity under environmental stress. Critical process parameters were fine-tuned through iterative experimentation, maintaining a urea-CaCl₂ reaction stoichiometry of 1.5:1 molar ratio and calibrating the enzyme dosage to 1.2 U/g of soil matrix. This optimized operational range effectively promoted carbonate mineralization while preserving essential soil hydraulic properties, as evidenced by sustained permeability exceeding 10 ⁻ ⁵ cm/s throughout precipitation cycles. Durability assessments under simulated acid rain and freeze-thaw cycles demonstrated 82.5% retention of Cd2⁺ and 92.7% retention of unconfined compressive strength, outperforming conventional lime and MICP treatments. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of stable crystalline phases. Field validation confirmed that the EICP protocol can be feasibly scaled to real-world sites with operational costs averaging $52 per cubic meter, representing a 61% reduction compared to microbial-based treatments. This plant-based EICP approach offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for ecological restoration and geotechnical stabilization in contaminated soils, demonstrating significant potential for sustainable environmental management.
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