ArticleWearable technologies2025
A novel portable device and validation procedure for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Article in Wearable technologies, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Wearable TENS Garment for Joint Pain Management: IEC 60601 Compliant Design and Preliminary Evaluation.IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine · 2026Article
- A kinematic-and-muscular modulation strategy for FES-assisted upper limb rehabilitation: a feasibility study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Ultra-conformable tattoo electrodes for providing sensory feedback via transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The adoption of upper limb myoelectric prosthesis is limited by the lack of closed control loop systems. Although the efferent control has already been integrated into these devices, the sensory feedback restoration in the afferent channel still remains an open challenge. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a promising method for generating somatotopic sensory feedback, allowing the closure of the control loop system. The application of this technique is limited by cumbersome and grid-powered electrical stimulators, making them unsuitable for everyday life, whereas most portable stimulators available on the market are designed for other purposes (e.g., muscular stimulation or pain therapy) and present limited stimulation wave customization. The stimulation devices employed in the literature often produce not fully suitable stimulation parameters and are frequently validated through procedures that do not fully clarify their practical application for sensory feedback restoration. The research aims to present a novel wearable TENS stimulation device (46 g, 62 × 49 × 20 mm) suitable for sensory feedback application. The validation was achieved through a benchtop test and a preliminary analysis on 10 healthy participants comparing the qualities, intensities, and stimulated areas of the sensations elicited by the proposed device and a reference stimulator. The proposed device is capable of delivering charge-balanced stimulation waves over skin-like resistive load and eliciting tingling and vibration sensations with similar intensities compared to the adopted reference.
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Registered trials
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