ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
MS2 virus-like particles as a versatile platform for multi-disease vaccines: a review.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Research on adaptive collaborative dispatch optimization algorithms for drones in distribution networks.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Virus-like particles in cancer immunotherapy: bridging human and veterinary medicine through one health.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Identification of Conserved Cross-Reactive B-Cell Epitopes in CPV1 and CPV2 L1 Proteins with Vaccine Potential.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Application and Research Progress of Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Virus-like particles based on plant viruses and bacteriophages: emerging strategies for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Deletion ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- An LPS-Deficient vaccine candidate with steD deletion confers enhanced protection against homologous and heterologous Salmonella.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- A Reproducible Sequence-Level Strategy to Enhance Peptide Immunogenicity While Preserving Wild-Type Epitope Recognition.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coat protein of the MS2 self-assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs) with a diameter of 26 nm. These VLPs are devoid of the phage genome yet are efficiently recognized by the immune system, eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses. The structural characteristics of VLPs position them as a promising platform for the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools. Through genetic engineering, antigenic peptides up to 91 amino acids in length can be densely displayed at the N-terminal β-hairpin (AB loop) of the coat protein. Moreover, the fusion of an exogenous sequence with the 19-nucleotide pac site enables the selective incorporation of heterologous RNA into the VLPs. This feature has facilitated the broad application of VLPs in mRNA vaccine development. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in MS2 phage coat protein VLP-based vaccine research, with a particular focus on their versatile applications in viral, parasite, chlamydial, and cancer immunotherapy. This work aims to serve as a valuable reference for the continued development of vaccines utilizing MS2 phage coat protein VLPs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.