Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40969346›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025

Fluctuations in dietary crude protein content affect rumen bacterial community and metabolome in Holstein dairy cows.

Chuankai Zhang, Yifan Liu, Jiaying Wang, Landan Xing, Lei Liu, Yingkai Quan, Liukuan He, Liyang Zhang, Tengyun Gao, Tong Fu and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Chuankai Zhang *College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Yifan Liu *College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Jiaying WangCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Landan XingCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Lei LiuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Yingkai QuanCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Liukuan HeCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Liyang ZhangCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Tengyun GaoCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Tong FuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Kaizhen LiuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
Hongxia LianCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animals, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: To elucidate the effects of fluctuating dietary crude protein (CP) on Holstein dairy cows, this study investigated lactation performance, rumen bacterial communities, and metabolome profiles. Methods: In a 60-day trial, twenty-four Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a fluctuating CP diet (FCP), high CP diet (HCP, 18.05% CP), or intermediate CP diet (ICP, 16.05% CP). FCP alternated between high (18.05%, FCP-HCP) and low CP (14.04%, FCP-LCP) every 48 h, forming a 96-h cycle. During the final cycle, blood, milk, and urine samples were collected to measure plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and urine urea nitrogen (UUN). Rumen bacterial diversity and metabolomic profiles were also analyzed. Results: Fluctuating CP did not significantly affect lactation performance ( Discussion: These findings show that short-term CP fluctuations induce dynamic changes in nitrogen excretion, rumen bacterial composition, and key metabolic pathways without affecting milk production. This suggests that dietary CP variation primarily influences nitrogen metabolism and rumen bacterial dynamics rather than lactation performance.

Indexed as

bacterial communitydietary crude proteinfluctuationsHolsteinmetabolomicsnitrogen

Identifiers

PMID40969346
PMCPMC12441208

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.